Interviews – Bookish

An Interview with the Editors of Teaching Human Rights in Literary and Cultural Studies

January 11, 2016 James C. Hatch Interviews

Alexandra Schultheis Moore and Elizabeth Swanson Goldberg discuss their edited volume Teaching Human Rights in Literary and Cultural Studies with James C. Hatch.

JCH: You have both published widely on human rights and related topics. How did your new book, Teaching Human Rights in Literary and Cultural Studies, begin?

ASM: After the 2005 conference The Humanities in Human Rights: Critique, Language, Politics, where we first met, we decided to organize a multiday panel on theoretical and pedagogical approaches to human rights and literary production at the 2008 American Comparative Literature Association annual convention. This tremendously rich panel allowed us to begin to think more systematically about the methodologies we use in our research and classrooms to approach literature through the lens of human rights. Those initial conversations provided the seeds for our two coedited collections, Theoretical Perspectives on Human Rights and Literature (Routledge, 2011) and Teaching Human Rights in Literary and Cultural Studies (MLA, 2015).

ESG: It occurred to us at the 2005 MLA conference that questions about the relation between the humanities (specifically literature) and human rights were being prompted at that particular moment by political developments, most pointedly the use of torture by the US government in its “war on terror.” The meeting had an atmosphere of urgency for this reason, and yet we came away feeling that the day’s attempts to historicize the relationship between the humanities and human rights were done mostly in the service of securing some kind of purchase for the humanities in the urgent human rights contexts of the day, while the question of what human rights could bring to the humanities was less palpable. Having worked at that nexus for some time under what often felt like lonely circumstances, we gravitated to each other. Our first conversation was about the desperate need to theorize the interdisciplinary junctures of work in literature and human rights, as well as to consider the many challenges of teaching at this juncture. What do we talk about when we talk about literature and human rights? The publication of Teaching Human Rights in Literary and Cultural Studies represents the second part of our “state of the field” investigations, after our 2011 collection, Theoretical Perspectives on Human Rights and Literature.

JCH: What is the biggest challenge in teaching human rights and literature?

ASM: I imagine different teachers will have different responses to this question. For me, there are two main challenges. First, I think it can be a challenge to manage student expectations for the class. Students often enroll in a human rights and literature class with the idea that the class will raise their awareness of human rights violations and that literature in and of itself is somehow ennobling—that reading about suffering will make us better people. Therefore, I try to make it very clear at the beginning of my classes that while we want to be open to the emotional call of the texts we read, our primary task is to analyze why and how certain kinds of stories are told in literary, legal, and political discourses.

The second challenge stems from the first: that we will necessarily be reading interdisciplinarily in order to see how conventional human rights discourses (laws, human rights reports, reportage), on the one hand, and literature and visual culture, on the other hand, influence and respond to one another to make visible some kinds of stories, perhaps at the expense of others. Such interdisciplinarity is pedagogically strenuous, requiring instructors to delve into historical, cultural, and political contexts that may be unfamiliar while also attending to the exigencies of teaching the literature itself. Such demands will be different according to the level of study (undergraduate versus graduate) and institutional context, but in our experience the quotidian struggle between text and context takes on grand proportions in the literature and human rights classroom.

JCH: Reading about human rights violations necessarily involves reading about atrocity. How do you teach material that carries so much emotional weight?

ASM: This is tricky both because of the specific dynamics of any given class and because of the need to create a classroom space where both emotional response and analytical thinking can take place. There are formal ways of doing this, such as Ann Berthoff’s method in The Making of Meaning of using double-entry notebooks. Students pull out key passages of the text at hand and then have a column for writing their emotional responses to those passages. Students can then circle back to those passages and create a second column where they begin to think about why the passage has the effect it does and how it seems to be functioning within the text as a whole. This kind of exercise can help students to begin to process the material on multiple levels before class discussion and in preparation for more complex writing assignments.

I think it’s also possible to do this kind of work during class discussion so long as the atmosphere of the class is open to all perspectives and students feel comfortable moving back and forth between emotional responses and analyses and trying to figure out how they are related.

ESG: I often make room for affective responses to the literature in a discussion board or wiki on our shared classroom Web site (in this case, Blackboard). This is a space where students can articulate and gain feedback on their emotional responses—how the text “hits them,” so to speak. We may briefly address those responses at the start of our discussion of a text and refer to them throughout as fuel for our analysis not only of the text (plots, characters, themes) but also of the relation between reader, text, author, and context, and for how our reading situates us in relation to those who have suffered the atrocities detailed in the literary or cultural texts. I make use of “trigger warnings” at the start of the semester in a general sense and then in a much more focused way throughout the course: for instance, regarding the graphic sexual violence in James Levine’s novel of brothel slavery in India, The Blue Notebook, or regarding racial violence and its long history in Claudia Rankine’s poetry collection Citizen. We also discuss emotional responses from a metaperspective, asking how authors represent atrocity, pain, and suffering, and to what effect (and affect) on reading publics situated in different geopolitical relations to the texts.

JCH: How does the study of human rights enhance the study of literature?

ASM: Human rights offers a framework for examining how certain kinds of stories and subject persons become recognizable or legible in legal, political, and cultural terms. The objective, for me, is not to promote human rights or to condemn them as a tool of Western imperialism or military intervention. Instead, I find that using human rights as a lens allows us to analyze how stories about legal standing, egregious suffering, and the atrocities states commit are formulated and how they circulate. Also, a human rights–oriented approach to literature illuminates the stakes of responsible reading.

What I also love about this field is the way it invites consideration of many different literary and aesthetic forms for how they respond to and represent human rights. When we compare different literary forms and genres for how they imagine a particular human rights context, the techniques of those forms and genres—how they compare to one another, what they do best, to whom they are addressed—are made visible for analysis in striking ways.

JCH: Concepts like empathy, sympathy, and identification, as well as justice and equality, must arise in classroom discussions about human rights and literature. Is there an assumed literary theory or theory of reading at work in such discussions? How do you make students aware of these?

ASM: I wouldn’t want to say that there is any single theory or approach to these questions. The dynamism of the field is that it raises the question of what these concepts might mean for different stakeholders and who can define them in which contexts.

I do think Joey Slaughter’s warning against fostering a kind of “literary humanitarianism,” in which readers feel as though they have accomplished human rights work by reading sympathetically, is consistently important, and I return to his critique again and again. This critique asks us to attend more closely to the structural relationships between cultural production and legal and political standing, so it opens up avenues of exploration instead of foreclosing them.

I am also interested in teaching students to think critically about how a given text seems to interpellate the reader and to ask for a response. Is a text asking us to feel, to imagine, to understand? How is it inviting the reader into the story? Tsitsi Dangarembga’s short story “The Letter” brings these different ways of reading to the surface, and I often teach it in the beginning of the semester to raise these issues early and to have a touchstone for talking about them. Other texts that work particularly well for me in helping students recognize these different ways of responding in relation to close reading are a sequence of Carolyn Forché’s poems. I often teach “The Colonel,” “The Memory of Elena,” and then “The Garden Shukkei-en” and “The Testimony of Light” (which are two sections of The Angel of History) because through them we can see how Forché is wrestling with how poetic language can represent atrocity.

JCH: Is there such a thing as a literature of human rights?

ASM: For me, the answer is no. I’m less invested in trying to define a category of human rights literature than in thinking about how an approach that foregrounds normative human rights and their alternatives can help us to analyze literary and cultural production in new ways.

I also find that students produce very sophisticated work about how different kinds of cultural texts can work with or against human rights, in both their positive and negative functions—how literary and aesthetic attributes can, for example, conjure victims; help us to imagine the desires and rights of violated persons in ways that might not correspond to categories of legal standing; and help us to imagine other futures than those promoted by either perpetrators or human rights instruments, to name but a few options.

That said, James Dawes argues in a forthcoming article in American Literature that there is a human rights literature subgenre of the contemporary US novel. We’ll need to talk about this question again after Jim’s article comes out in March!

ESG: I agree that it is very difficult to identify a literature of human rights without falling into the potential traps of gauging the level of suffering or gauging the nature of subject matter that would “rise to the level” of a generic classification. As several of the contributors to this volume have shown, the tools of human rights–oriented literary criticism can be used as a responsible reading practice for virtually any text, examining the manifestation of human dignity, the building (or destruction) of cultures of human rights, and the exigencies of legal, cultural, political, and historic contexts in . . . plots and settings that take up questions of relations between individuals or groups and states and nonstate actors.

JCH: What are some of the key debates in the field of literature and human rights, and how do you invite students into these debates?

ESG: One genealogy of the field of human rights and literature would situate the field’s source in theoretical work on trauma and representability that emerged in the 1990s via psychoanalysis and Nazi holocaust studies alongside scholarship in law and literature; these studies laid ground for examinations of the politics of genre and the ethics of representing violations in a range of historical, political, and cultural contexts. If grave rights violations are essentially traumatic and, therefore, unspeakable, how then could literature represent them? And what are the ethical implications of such representation? How are certain genres and forms implicated in the creation or destruction of cultures of dignity and rights, and of the legal regime of rights that arose in the post–World War II moment?

ASM: Another central debate is over the status of normative human rights as a framework for social justice. There are many ways of highlighting this debate and asking what it means for literary studies: for instance, looking at how the post–World War II “regime” of human rights depends upon the power of nation-states (whose formation undoubtedly entails violence) or considering the debates around humanitarian military interventions and the Responsibility to Protect (R2P). We can ask whether the texts we study seem to depend upon constructs of the nation-state or, to take the example of humanitarian interventionism, seem to call for an international response.

JCH: How is the human rights–oriented approach of the book different from, say, trauma studies or other related fields?

ASM: In the book, we try to emphasize this distinction: that a human rights–oriented approach foregrounds the normative structures of human rights so that we may understand how these structures function, whose interests they serve, what they exclude, and how those patterns—which are visible in a study of narrative and its contexts—relate to other forms of narration and to imaginative discourse. In those ways, our work is more focused on narrative structure and aesthetic techniques in relation to legal, political, and historical contexts than it is on psychic responses to atrocity and suffering.

That said, these approaches can inform one another. Recent work in trauma studies, like that of Stef Craps, for instance, that emphasizes reading trauma in terms of its historical and cultural context rather than in abstract psychoanalytic terms can help us to read about human rights violations in more nuanced and sensitive ways.

JCH: What does the book offer someone new to teaching this material?

ASM: I hope the book offers someone new to the material a way to think through some of the material’s pedagogical challenges as well as specific classroom exercises and recommended texts. We also tried to ensure the book would be useful for teachers who approach human rights from different historical, geographic, literary, and linguistic standpoints.

More specifically, the first section focuses on the conceptual apparatus of human rights and literature as an area of study: how human rights foregrounds the philosophical question of what it means to be human (Parikh and Matlin), how the question of who counts as human is linked to categories of legal personhood (Anker), and how human rights are critiqued as tools of the West, on the one hand, but may also be employed critically with other cultural approaches to justice and social and legal standing (Moore and Goldberg).

The later sections of the book provide examples (and theorizations) of approaches grounded in various historical contexts, kinds of classes and pedagogies, and specific violations. Thus, teachers can start with what is most familiar or central to their class focus but might also find useful pedagogical approaches outlined in chapters that address different areas of study. The last section of the book is devoted to resources.

JCH: What are the challenges and rewards of teaching literary and cultural texts through the lens of human rights in the world right now, given the post-9/11 context of ongoing terrorism, the mass migration of refugees, and the negative impacts of climate change?

ESG: I have found over my twenty years of teaching this material that students are hungry for language and theoretical tools to help them understand the political events and contexts that are made ever more visible and present through the twenty-four-hour news cycle, the Internet, and social media. While some critics strenuously object to the nomination of human rights as a lingua franca for social justice more generally, one of the rewards of this teaching is its provision of a legal framework with deep historical contexts in which to situate complex, troubling, and often chaotic world events. Like many faculty members in the current moment, I struggle with the paradox that my students are on the cusp of their adult lives at a time when the future seems very uncertain; the literature and human rights classroom can provide a public intellectual space and discourse community for examining that uncertainty and for imagining other futures.

JCH: What surprises students the most about the material you teach?

ESG: As much as the instructors represented in our book attempt to work against the grain of simple “consciousness raising,” the kind that can set up what Joey Slaughter has called a sense of “noblesse oblige” in the (presumably “first world”) reader of texts about atrocities that seem always to occur in “faraway” places (the “literary humanitarianism” that Alexandra references above) and that cannot begin to account for the complex demographics and dynamics of our global and multicultural classrooms, we still find that students are tremendously surprised that many of the rights violations they encounter in the literature are, in fact, happening. This sense of awareness can, however, . . . be used to foreground the complexity of global human rights discourses and policies, the inclusions and exclusions that accompany even our most basic definitions: Who counts as human according to the international rights regime? What is the difference between being human and being a person recognized before the law? What counts as a right and who counts as a bearer of rights? How do the rhetorics of the human and of rights evolve over time in particular political contexts, and how are rights rhetorics mobilized in support of ideologies or policies that effectively abrogate the rights of some in order to preserve the rights of others? For instance, learning about the changing definitions and applications of torture by the US in its war on terror, or about other systemic rights violations committed by representatives of democratic states that were themselves authors of the United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948), remains a revelation for many students.

JCH: How do you think human rights and literature as an area of study will change in the future? How will it, as the title of one of your essays puts it, go “beyond the post-/colonial and the West”?

ESG: Work in human rights and literature is advancing on many fronts; as always with this complex interdisciplinary field, one of the greatest challenges is to identify boundaries for the field. One logical direction involves revisiting and building upon 1980s postcolonial and Marxist literary criticism so that we may understand how issues of identification, inequality, and injustice continue to be present in colonialist or imperialist legacies as they are manifested in twenty-first-century global terrorism, migrancy, and ecological disaster. Ecocriticism and transnational feminisms have a great deal to contribute to the field, which may also arguably be moving from examinations of representation and representational ethics to studies of discourses from classical rhetorical perspectives.

JCH: Thank you for generously taking the time to do this interview.

30 December 2015

Alexandra Schultheis Moore is associate professor of English at the University of North Carolina, Greensboro. She is the author of two monographs, Regenerative Fictions: Postcolonialism, Psychoanalysis, and the Nation as Family and Vulnerability and Security in Human Rights Literature and Visual Culture, and editor, with Elizabeth Swanson Goldberg and Greg Mullins, of a special issue of College Literature on human rights and cultural forms. She is also editor, with Sophia McClennen, of The Routledge Companion to Literature and Human Rights.

Elizabeth Swanson Goldberg is professor of English at Babson College. The author of Beyond Terror: Gender, Narrative, Human Rights, she edited a special issue of Peace Review on the film and literature of human rights. Her many articles on human rights, gender studies, and literature can be found in edited volumes and in journals such as Callaloo, Humanity, and South Atlantic Review. Moore and Goldberg have also coedited Theoretical Perspectives on Human Rights and Literature.

An Interview with the Editor of Approaches to Teaching Tolkien’s The Lord of the Rings and Other Works

November 24, 2015 James C. Hatch Interviews

Leslie Donovan discusses her edited volume Approaches to Teaching Tolkien’s The Lord of the Rings and Other Works with James C. Hatch.

JH: How did you get interested in Tolkien, and when did you start teaching his works?

LD: I first read The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings when I was in high school, somewhere around 1974 and 1975. A family friend knew that I was a big reader and had read all of C. S. Lewis’s Narnia books. She gave me a copy of Tolkien’s books, and I immediately fell in love with them, especially The Lord of the Rings. But I never thought Tolkien could be a subject for serious academic study until I enrolled in an undergraduate course on Tolkien at the University of New Mexico in 1982. I never intended to be a teacher. But after I completed my PhD in medieval literature, I tried to make ends meet by working as a part-time instructor at a community college and decided to propose a course on Tolkien, because I knew such a course would attract strong enrollment and therefore bring in a paycheck. Over the years I had yearned to teach such a course; my training as a medievalist only deepened my love for Tolkien’s accomplishments. Since my proposal included a healthy dose of medieval literature (Beowulf, Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, The Prose Edda, and selections from Le Morte D’Arthur), it was accepted, and I taught my first Tolkien course in 1995. At the University of New Mexico, where I landed a tenure-track job, I have now taught at least six different variations of the Tolkien course at different levels.

JH: Many student readers already know The Lord of the Rings well and have a difficult time seeing the book subjected to the rigors of literary criticism. For many readers, Tolkien’s works are more than literature or fantasy: they are a consolation. How do you teach a book that means so much to so many students personally?

LD: It is a delicate task. Yet Tolkien’s works, when we apply literary criticism to them, hold up beautifully. My students consistently have told me how much greater their enjoyment and understanding of his achievements were after studying the books systematically in a college course. For me, it continues to be the very best kind of teaching experience. In no other course I have taught can I expect almost all the students to have done the reading before they step into my classroom on that first day. This means we can begin discussing together meaningful topics and interpretations immediately. That’s an extraordinary experience for a teacher, to feel as much like a colearner as a teacher. Because of the highly personal connection so many of us have to Tolkien’s works, my students and I end up bonding. We argue about the texts as much as we revel in the pleasures we find in them.

JH: How has teaching Tolkien changed over the past decade or two, especially since the Peter Jackson movies were released?

LD: In some ways, teaching Tolkien has changed substantially over the last twenty years, but in other ways I feel that very little has changed. When I first started teaching his works, the vast majority of students were male. Very few female students enrolled, probably because cultural stereotypes at the time suggested that such books were not intended for them. I remember vividly that the first time I taught Tolkien in an interdisciplinary honors course, out of the eighteen students enrolled, only three were women. I felt out of place. But, as Shelley Rees discusses in her essay in this volume, we women have cared deeply about Tolkien’s works from the very beginning: back then, we were just more reluctant to reveal our interest publicly. In my current Tolkien course for honors, the enrollment has reversed: of my seventeen students, only six are male.

One of the other changes in teaching Tolkien is a result of the movies. Most of my students have seen the films before they ever read Tolkien’s text. Whether one admires or despises Peter Jackson’s work, all of us who have seen his films have been influenced by them. No longer can any of us read The Lord of the Rings; (and now also The Hobbit) without having in our minds the faces of the actors. Even though I have read Tolkien’s texts many, many times, I still sometimes have to check to see if I am remembering a scene from the book or from Jackson’s version of it. This can become problematic in a class discussion. I always make a point to emphasize that we are focusing on Tolkien’s actual text in class, and I often pause class discussion to check to make sure some piece of evidence is actually a feature of Tolkien’s (unless we are discussing the films, specifically). We cannot pretend the movies do not exist or ignore them, but I insist that we acknowledge them as separate, though related, works. When I first began teaching Tolkien, we had no need to make such distinctions or take such care to identify and distinguish Tolkien’s intentions and meanings as the original version rather than a recent, modern adaptation.

Yet, despite the differences in student populations and despite Jackson’s films, the core of what makes teaching a Tolkien course special for me has not changed much at all. Students who sign up do so because they deeply love the stories. What matters to them is that even the smallest, most insignificant people can be heroes, can save the world. My students want to make their lives matter, to build friendships that change the course of their life, to comprehend the complex moral and ethical choices they must make. Today, in my Tolkien classes, we often talk about how the work echoes our own contemporary fears related to terrorism, but we have always focused on the impact of unexpected alliances, the problems of greed, and the joys of living simply. If we talk more these days about issues of race, gender, and culture, we talk no less about the relation between fate and free will, the nature of power, and the need to respect the natural world.

JH: How do you teach some of Tolkien’s ideas—secondary worlds and eucatastrophe, for instance?

LD: These are central concepts that I include in all my Tolkien courses. We spend at least a week early in the semester reading and discussing Tolkien’s essay “On Fairy-Stories.” It provides a foundation for later discussions of his fiction. As the course progresses, I ask students to identify moments in their own lives when they have engaged in acts of subcreation, as Tolkien explains it in his essay, or personally experienced eucatastrophe. To illustrate such ideas, we discuss not only Middle-earth and Tolkien’s larger legendarium but also his short works Smith of Wootton Major and “Leaf by Niggle,” both of which provide students with additional models for understanding Tolkien’s ideas of subcreation, eucatastrophe, and mythopoeia.

JH: Many readers perceive Tolkien’s text as based on medieval contexts and tropes. In what ways is the content of The Lord of the Rings as much indebted to modern ideas as to medieval ideas?

LD: The medieval traditions embedded in Tolkien’s works are what first drew me to them and kept me reading them over and over. The Lord of the Rings, in many ways, offers all the tropes and conventions of medieval literature and culture rolled into one package—the dragons, heroes, elves, hand-to-hand battles with swords to save people and places; horses descended from the gods; and so on. The Middle-earth texts bring together the best aspects of medieval studies, kind of like a Best Hits of the Middle Ages album. Yet, Tolkien’s texts, especially The Lord of the Rings, are modern in many fundamental ways. Even though we have the model of the chivalric hero from the lineage of ancient kings in Aragorn, a type of Arthurian once-and-future king, the real hero of the story is Frodo, an ordinary person, a modern everyman. Perhaps even more heroic is Sam, a simple gardener. In fact, neither Frodo nor Sam alone is in himself a hero, but together they are the heroes that come to mean so much to the reader. Two characters whose support of each other makes them heroic is a modern concept, not a medieval one. Neither Aragorn’s journey through the Paths of the Dead nor his crowning as King of Gondor brings a lump to readers’ throats; that lump arises when Frodo and Sam in the darkness of Shelob’s lair in Cirith Ungol wonder together whether anyone will remember their deeds or when they face their fate side by side amid the rivers of fire rising to destroy Mount Doom at the end of their quest. Gollum, with his divided psyche, is clearly a monster but one portrayed in terms of much more modern nuances than medieval monsters were, such as Grendel. Also, as Sharin Schroeder discusses in her essay in our Approaches volume, Tolkien’s work has much that is directly modern to say about the ramifications of warfare for future generations, the position of the artist, the impact of industrialization on the natural world, and the dangers of cultural isolation.

JH: In the classroom, how do you approach issues of race and gender in Tolkien’s work?

LD: Discussions of race, class, and gender in Tolkien’s works have become increasingly important to address openly and directly in the classroom. There is no doubt that as a middle-class English male, Tolkien was a product of his time and culture. He was no protofeminist or activist for ethnic rights and cultures. Yet, in my classes on him, we examine the texts closely for what they tell us about his struggles in thinking about issues of race and class. We discuss the racial antipathy and then reconciliation of the dwarves and elves through the friendship forged by Gimli and Legolas. We remark that Tolkien’s Easterners and “cruel Haradrim” incorporate physical features uncomfortably similar to Asian or Middle Eastern peoples in our own world, but we also hear Tolkien speaking through Sam’s musing about whether the internal thoughts and yearnings of the dead Easterner he encounters are actually so different from his own. As Dimitra Fimi proposes in her essay in our Approaches volume, whenever possible, I introduce the complexity of perspectives on race in Tolkien’s works by highlighting the changes in his thinking about such issues over the course of his life as well as by noting historical contexts related to ideas about race and culture that informed his views.

My students almost always believe that Tolkien has little interest in female characters, until I give them exercises in which they realize that Éowyn is presented as one of the text’s greatest heroes and Galadriel’s power and authority to command surpasses that of her husband, Celeborn. In addition, I use a strategy I learned from Shelley Rees’s essay in our Approaches volume that asks students to identify masculine and feminine traits in the texts and to decide which are valued more highly. My students inevitably come to the conclusion that in The Lord of the Rings feminine behaviors or traits such as cooperation and complementarity are valued much more than such masculine attributes as physical prowess and solitary action. And they begin to realize that characters such as Aragorn, Frodo, and Gimli reflect such traits as obviously as any of Tolkien’s female characters.

JH: The Lord of the Rings only hints at the vast mythology of The Silmarillion: the feelings basic to religion—awe, need, love, sacrifice, devotion—are found in it without our ever being fixed in a religious system. How do you connect The Lord of the Rings with the larger myth-world for students?

LD: Currently, I am teaching an honors course titled “Mythmaking and Tolkien.” In it, I foreground the mythopoeic context so crucial to Tolkien’s world building. In previous Tolkien courses, I always touched on a few of the mythological components of the larger legendarium but rarely had enough time to delve into such materials. I assigned my students a few selected portions of The Silmarillion, and we would discuss the roles that abstract concepts such as chance and pity, fate and love, played in the schema of Middle-earth’s evolution and development from a mythic prehistory to a historical period of discrete, well-defined events, people, and places. But in this new honors course, we investigate the components of Tolkien’s mythmaking by focusing first on The Silmarillion and then ending the semester with The Lord of the Rings. To highlight the emotional (even perhaps reverential?) potency of the mythopoeia that was so key to his vision of Middle-earth and how it both mirrors and forecasts our own world, my students are not only reading Tolkien’s literary texts but also studying his paintings and drawings. We compare Tolkien’s mythmaking with other world mythologies. We have also discussed more briefly music associated with Tolkien’s world and the linguistic backgrounds for some of his languages. By exploring this multitude of materials that Tolkien incorporates into his mythopoeia, my intention is that by the end of our course students will have a stronger grasp of the interconnectedness of his mythic vision, which is projected both within its own fictional boundaries and beyond them through his world’s relation to our own world’s history.

JH: This has been fascinating. Thank you for taking the time to do this interview. I look forward to the reaction to the book and to seeing your journal on MLA Commons, Waymeet for Tolkien Teachers, develop.

Leslie A. Donovan is a professor in the Honors College of the University of New Mexico. In addition to many articles on medieval literature, Tolkien, and pedagogy, she has published Perilous and Fair: Women and the Works of J. R. R. Tolkien, edited with Janet Brennan Croft (Mythopoeic Press, 2015) and Women Saints’ Lives in Old English Prose (Boydell and Brewer, 1999). She is currently working on The Old English Lives of Eugenia and Eufrosina: A Critical Edition of Two Female Transvestite Saints in Their Anglo-Saxon Contexts.

Cover of Service Learning and Literary Studies in English

An Interview with the Editors of Service Learning and Literary Studies in English

June 3, 2015 James C. Hatch Interviews

Laurie Grobman and Roberta Rosenberg discussed their edited volume, Service Learning and Literary Studies in English, with James Hatch on 2 April 2015.

JH: Thank you very much for taking the time to talk with me about your new volume, Service Learning and Literary Studies in English. Could you tell me what exactly service learning is and how it is different from an internship or volunteering in the community?

LG: Service learning is a partnership between the academy and a community partner. The students provide some kind of service to meet a community partner’s need. Reciprocally, the community partner—and the pedagogy—provide students with a rich learning experience.

RR: Service learning should also enhance the learning experience—in this case the study of literature—by providing students with an opportunity to reflect on both their service and the literary texts, finding both the similarities of experiences as well as the dissonances.

JH: How does teaching literature with a service-learning component differ from teaching a traditional literature course?

RR: In the traditional literature course, the teacher is often thought of as the source of the knowledge in what some theorists refer to as the “banking concept of education.” But in service learning, the teacher, the student, and the community all contribute to the learning experience.

LG: Even in the many literature courses that are already dialogic, service learning adds that real-world, and hence human, connection. Students see themselves as part of something meaningful, and literature has a role in that work.

JH: I can see how service learning may benefit the community, but how does it enhance the study of literary texts?

LG: It’s an interesting question, and in my experiences—and in the chapters in the book—we see the enhancement change depending on the course, texts, community partners, and service activity. For example, in a recent women’s literature course, my students did a short historical piece on our local boys’ and girls’ club. Their real-world research echoed in so many ways the voices of women in the literary texts. They were really blown away by it. One student noted, “they really only referred to the women in the newspaper by Mrs. Husband’s name!”

RR: In our introduction we say that service learning asks “new questions” and provides “new answers” about literature. This often comes from the dialogue that is set up among the literary text, the classroom, and the community.

Here is another example from the book: In his essay “Reliving and Remaking the Harlem Renaissance,” Scott Hicks describes how he has students work on a literary magazine with the Lumbee tribe in North Carolina. The issues of developing a canon and who speaks and selects texts for a literary movement speak to the exact historical moment that his students are studying, the Harlem Renaissance, and they confront these issues as they read Harlem Renaissance literature.

LG: Since I began this work many years (decades?) ago I noticed an interesting paradox: that bringing in a real-world component may actually enhance the study of literature as literature. This happens only if structured in a deliberate way. For me, this pedagogical awareness was precipitated by a sense of “Where did this text go?” The students dismissed the text in favor of the real. But then I learned how to help students focus on the specific characteristics of literature that Roberta mentions above. I recall very specifically how Matthew Hansen demonstrates in his essay that by rewriting Shakespeare’s plays to be performed by children from disadvantaged schools, the college students were able to see inside the text in such vivid ways. They became almost like textual insiders—seeing what may often be hidden in a normal study of literature.

JH: Can you say more about service learning’s benefits for teachers and community members?

RR: Since service learning by its very definition must benefit the community by meeting a real need (and not the need of the academy) there is always a benefit. For instance, several of the projects described in the book work with people whose voices are often not heard—the elderly or the poor—and by giving them a voice for their ideas and experiences through life writing, our service provides the community with a benefit.

LG: For teachers, this work is unbelievably rewarding—in the best cases—although also challenging. There is something very special when it all comes together. We often use the word transformative, and it really fits. The connection among students and community partners and literary texts is deep and exciting. It’s hard to explain without sounding corny. But we do see our students grow in ways that go beyond their growth from literary study alone. One other very important component in the learning in addition to literary learning is to understand their role as citizens in a democracy, to understand their responsibilities to contribute to the public good (and, more controversially, to social change). But it is the combination of literature and service learning that sparks this.

RR: I would also like to mention some practical benefits to faculty members who do service learning. In our “Resources” section of the book, we note many new publications in civic engagement that will be of interest in our scholarly essays. This field is growing as the academy responds to the notion of the public intellectual and the ways in which the university can interact with and be of aid to the community. For those faculty members interested in expanding their outreach into grants, this section also lists the many federal agencies and foundations that support service-learning projects.

JH: Seen from literary studies’ particular point of view, what would you say is the importance of service learning?

LG: It is part of the move toward public humanities—contributing to the public good while revealing that the humanities (and in our case, especially literature) has that role. One point we try to make is that service learning isn’t for every class, faculty member, or student. But those who do it well respect literature as art that has a purpose beyond itself. And this is important for our disciplinary “crisis.”

RR: In many respects, service learning provides one answer to a 1997 PMLA debate about the public intellectual. Although many theorists supported this notion and wanted to see literature take its place in the community, there were few examples that could be pointed to at the time. But civically engaged literary studies may provide at least one avenue.

JH: Civic engagement seems a natural fit for courses in multicultural literature or women’s studies, but how would a professor of Shakespeare or Victorian literature adapt a course to include a service component?

RR: Diana Archibald discusses this issue in her essay on Victorian literature and Dickens. As she notes, her students believed that they had very little in common with the Victorians in terms of problems or attitudes, but after they viewed Victorian social problems and their own—issues of waste, homelessness, unemployment, and illiteracy—the students could understand the ways in which Dickens as a writer of literature could have a profound impact on his time. And this led the students to realize that literature in our own time could have a profound impact on these issues (and new ones). The study of literature was not something to be cloistered in a classroom but rather it had (and could have) a dramatic impact on any given society.

LG: I’d like to add that the question you raise is something we try to address in our book by discussing the continuum of community impact from public good through social justice. That is, service learning and women’s and multicultural literature (and even Victorian literature in Diana’s chapter, as Roberta described) are often about social-justice issues. But literature is also so important for its public-good effect—the rich cultural and aesthetic experiences that writing and literature provide. I learned a great deal about this from our contributors. My own work with service learning and literature has been mainly in women’s and multicultural literary studies. But I have new appreciation, for example, about how students working with the elderly to write their life stories is so important to add joy and meaning to people’s lives.

RR: I also think that service learning provides our often insulated students (who might not read newspapers or magazines outside their specific interests) with an opportunity to experience the other and to develop empathy and a change of position in their thinking. This postmodern notion of the importance of changing one’s position and empathy, spoken about by Martha Nussbaum and others, is a benefit.

LG: Even those students who are not insulated may benefit from being exposed to new and different perspectives. Service-learning pedagogy is increasingly concerned with nontraditional student populations.

JH: If faculty members want to incorporate service learning into their courses, are there best practices and sample syllabi available?

RR: In our introduction, we speak about the best practices for the field of service learning in general and our own best practices for literary study. Interested faculty members will also find a large number of very helpful Web sites with sample syllabi and guidelines—service-learning folks are quite generous!

LG: I want to say that reading the eighteen or so chapters in the book is an excellent first step for newcomers. Although we stayed away from step-by-step implementation suggestions in favor of richer theoretical and pedagogical discussions, the book provides ways to go about these projects and build on them. It can be scary to try something like service learning. Once you leave the classroom, you lose control of what may occur. But as many service-learning practitioners agree, those times when things go awry can also yield the most learning for students.

RR: In addition to our book, I would suggest that interested faculty members join the MLA Commons group I set up: Service Learning in Literature, Language and Composition. In addition, most universities today have a center of community engagement. I set up one at my university, and it is now run by a group of people who help faculty members find community sites, do workshops on best practices, and act as community liaisons.

JH: Thank you both for participating in this interview. Interested readers can find this book in the MLA bookstore.

Laurie Grobman is professor of English and women’s studies at Penn State University, Berks. Her teaching, research, and service interests center on service learning and community-based research. She is the author of Multicultural Hybridity: Transforming American Literary Scholarship and Pedagogy and Teaching at the Crossroads: Cultures and Critical Perspectives in Literature by Women of Color and the coeditor of Undergraduate Research in English Studies and On Location: Theory and Practice in Classroom-Based Writing Tutoring. She was the 2012 recipient of Penn State University President’s Award for Excellence in Academic Integration and a 2014 winner of the U.S. Professor of the Year national award.

Roberta Rosenberg, professor of English and director of an interdisciplinary minor in civic engagement and social entrepreneurship at Christopher Newport University, teaches courses in multicultural American literature, women’s studies, and the writing of civic engagement. She is the author of three books and of numerous articles on American literature and culture that have appeared in MELUS, Pedagogy, Studies in American Indian Literatures, and Studies in Jewish American Literature, among others. In addition, she was the editor of DoubleTake Magazine (with Robert Coles and Terry Lee). Her community work includes consulting with federal, state, and local governmental agencies and many arts and cultural not-for-profit organizations.